In a few minutes he’ll have his dance card punched again—this time at a reception with a congressional delegation. Even after 12 hours of meeting and greeting politicians the 58-year-old college president and Walden alumnus welcomes another opportunity to meet with congressional representatives. Winkelman is president of. Oklahoma’s first tribal college which was established by the Comanche Nation four years ago.
“When you’re the president of a tribal college you have to make your college and its needs and successes known to the federal government. We are below a lot of politicians’ radar,” he says of the under-funded and remotely located college. “I’m here in D. C to tell them about Comanche Nation and how we’re making a difference in the lives of our people and hopefully to get them on board.”
Tribal Colleges Meet Many NeedsTribal colleges the first of which was founded more than 35 years ago provide tribal culture-infused higher education to American Indians who live on reservations or Indian lands. For their constituency the tribal colleges offer away to escape reservations’ endemic poverty preserve cultural heritage and have a better life.
Winkelman who is on his mother’s side and and Dutch on his father’s began working for tribal colleges about seven years ago after careers in the military and traditional higher education. Winkelman who grew up off the reservation (his father was in the military) wants to help Indians gain the tools they need to realize their academic potential earn a decent living and retain their Indian culture and communities.
He notes that tribal colleges serve a unique population and that this poses unusual challenges to higher education. For example he asks. “How does a college operate among the extremely poor when people are desperate when they are living without electricity and roads when students don’t have gas money? These are some of the issues we deal with every day.”
American Indians have the lowest level of college education and generally the highest level of unemployment and poverty of any ethnic group in America he says. “Indians are smart people. So much of our talent has been wasted historically,” he says adding. “It doesn’t have to be this way.” offers certificate and associate’s degree programs in nursing education and business targeted to members of the Comanche Nation which numbers 12,550 enrolled members. 6,000 of whom live in the Lawton. Okla. area. The school currently enrolls a few hundred students a semester. One question Winkelman is often asked especially by politicians is why with so many colleges and universities in the United States do Indians feel they need their own? The question has several answers.
The first is that not all Indians are able to leave the reservation to go to school. Indians frequently have large extended families they support socially and monetarily. Winkelman says. “It is not part of Indian culture to leave your family. Not only that for a kid coming off the reservation a traditional college is culture shock.” A college on the reservation eliminates both these obstacles.
Another reason for the colleges’ appeal is their tribe-centered curriculum. All the tribal colleges. Winkelman says are about more than building students’ skill sets. “Their mission includes cultural preservation,” he says. “Students at tribal colleges are required to study tribal history tribal law treaties written and oral tribal language and traditional subjects such as homeopathic medicine—all in addition to their major course of study.” Because of this tribal colleges are culturally affirming and a sanctuary from anti-Indian sentiment which Winkelman says is still common—especially in cities near reservations. “In some places to be different does not make you popular.”
Making History -- Gaining ExperienceWinkelman knows this from his own college experience—as the first American Indian to graduate from and be commissioned by a private military college in South Carolina. “At the time. I didn’t realize I was making history,” he says. “My getting into was not a big deal. I was a very good student and on full academic scholarship. Staying in was hard.” It was not the administration that resented Winkelman it was his peers. The Corps of Cadets did not support his presence. “You have to remember when I entered in 1967 – 68 a lot of schools were still lily white,” recalls Winkelman who says he was routinely harassed. “People would call me ‘red ass’ and tell me I shouldn’t be at their school—that kind of thing.”
The poor treatment made the already regimented life at even harder to take but it didn’t dissuade him from graduating or from staying in the military. He enjoyed military life. “I was an Army brat,” he says. “My dad was an Army armor officer and an advisor to an Army reserve unit. We lived all over the country when I was a kid.” Winkelman and his family regularly came back to the reservation where his mother’s family lived. That’s where his extended family taught him ceremonies including the most sacred of all ceremonies for the Lakota the Sun Dance—one of the seven rites to the sacred pipe. In addition to his participation in such sacred ceremonies he is a men’s traditional dancer and often participates in powwows around the country an art he’s practiced most of his life.
During his 22-year career in the Army. Winkelman served as chief of the U. S bilateral staff talks for international cooperation and treaty amendments for the departments of Defense and State. He lived abroad for 15 years earning a master’s in international policy studies and culture and completing a program in executive management and strategic planning at the Portuguese Institute of Higher Military Studies. After retiring from the military in 1993. Winkelman entered academia. He took a job as director of community and continuing education at a New Hampshire community college in 1994 and in 1996 as associate director of extended studies and distance learning at the Oregon Institute of Technology. Those diverse academic experiences and others would lay the foundation for his future career as a college professor and administrator.
“I was already thinking about teaching in Indian country at that point,” he says. “I’d had a good life a good education and many opportunities. I wanted to give back to my people and especially help Indian youth. I wanted to teach them how to be Indians in the 21st century.” To become more competitive in the higher education job market. Winkelman enrolled in the program at Walden in 1995.
Pine Ridge and Oglala LakotaNot long after Winkelman earned his doctorate (and received Walden’s 1999 Outstanding Dissertation Award for his research which explored why engineering continues to be a male-dominated profession) he began teaching at on the in Kyle. S. D. Pine Ridge which is about the size of Connecticut is well-known as the site of the in 1890 the 1973 standoff between American-Indian activists and law-enforcement and the 1975 shootout that killed two FBI agents. It is also among the poorest communities in the United States.
In 2002. Winkelman became Oglala Lakota’s vice president of instruction and academic affairs. He did not set out to become an administrator he says. “That was not on my radar screen at all.” But Winkelman realized that to bring about the kind of change he wanted to see he would have to consider a position that combined teaching and leadership. “Frankly. I grew frustrated with the pace of decision-making in academia. People weren’t good managers,” he says. “So instead of staying a teacher and griping about what I didn’t like and being a thorn in everyone’s side at meetings. I had to be willing to lead.”
Despite Pine Ridge’s poverty is established and impressive. At 35 years old it is one of the first tribally controlled colleges in the United States and is accredited by just as Walden is. It boasts more than a dozen academic departments offering classes at college centers in nine reservation districts.
Winkelman says his and his staff ’s main accomplishments while he was at Oglala Lakota were getting the college through its 10-year re-accreditation process and revamping its graduate studies program. It is one of only a few tribal colleges that offer master’s degrees. “I made sure that every master’s student had a Ph. D faculty member as a mentor,” he says. “so they wouldn’t get discouraged and quit.”
His goals for which is comparatively in its academic infancy are no less ambitious. Earning accreditation is one (it currently “borrows” accreditation from nearby Cameron University its host school). The school itself is on track to achieve conditional accreditation within a few years he notes. “I also want to build out the school’s infrastructure. Now we are operating out of a former elementary school which we have refurbished and made pretty high-tech but we are growing and it’s not big enough.” Money to buy the building was donated to the Comanche Nation by a wealthy Comanche. Winkelman says. In the immediate future. Winkelman needs about $100,000 to add onto the existing building or purchase trailers to use for additional classrooms Eventually he plans to build several college centers surrounding the main campus using a model similar to Oglala Lakota’s to improve student access.
To make this happen the college needs additional funding. Like all tribal colleges. Comanche Nation struggles financially. Unlike state schools tribal colleges don’t receive funding from the state because Indian nations are sovereign nations. States are not obligated to them.
Tribal Colleges' ChallengesTribal colleges’ primary source of support is the federal government which allocates the colleges—if they are accredited—a certain dollar amount per student an amount that is not enough to cover the cost of educating the student. Winkelman says. Nor are tribal colleges funded by property taxes because reservation land is land in trust and no property taxes can be levied. What’s more the colleges typically lack significant endowments because of their relative youth and the lack of accumulated wealth among their alumni. And contrary to popular belief most tribal colleges do not receive substantial funding from tribal casinos. “Most Indian tribes are broke,” Winkelman says. “They don’t provide significant support to tribal colleges because they don’t have the money is fortunate to receive some funding.”
Since is not accredited it is not funded by the federal government. For now it is primarily funded by the Nation itself via income from the Nation’s business enterprises. “The college submits a budget and it is voted on by the Comanche Business Committee,” he says. The committee has a right to refuse to fund certain requests—and sometimes does but Winkelman says the college is funded to sustain itself in the short term. It is not however funded for growth.
To expand its programs the school pursues grants from various foundations and federal agencies such as the Department of Labor the National Science Foundation and the Department of Education. Winkelman is currently the primary investigator on a $1.9 million Department of Labor program development grant (which the school shares with four tribal nations) to study the effectiveness of a laptop-based learning management system uses the 140 laptops which are built for education purposes to teach courses in its nursing and security management programs. “The learning management system includes two mobile units that could turn any room into a classroom,” Winkelman says.
Whatever higher education costs can’t be met by federal funding or grants fall to tribal college students themselves who pay for their education like anyone else frequently taking one or two courses at a time off and on. Even when students have the money many struggle to stay in school because of family and socioeconomic crises exacerbated by poverty and health and substance abuse problems. “Earning a college degree is a struggle for a lot of them but one that is worth it if they don’t become discouraged and quit,” Winkelman says.
He recently saw a former student at a spring powwow. “She’s a school principal now. I was her faculty advisor at when she was getting her master’s—this was when I was revamping the master’s program—and I was hard on her,” he recalls. “I redlined her papers and I tore her thesis apart and I know that at one point I had her near tears. I remember telling her. ‘This thesis is going to be at the same level as one at any traditional college and I know you can do it.’”
“She never thought she’d be a school principal,” Winkelman says. “For most Indians graduating from college is just a dream. You’re talking about people who basically have no self-confidence.” A number of Winkelman’s former students are school principals he says and one is a superintendent. Hundreds have gone on to traditional colleges and earned advanced degrees and he’s sent at least one student to the Ivy League.
Publicizing the successes of his students and his school and the relevance of tribal colleges is probably Winkelman’s most important job. When the made its debut a couple of years ago. Winkelman received a call from one of Oklahoma’s top higher education officials asking what Comanche Nation was. “They had no idea what a tribal college was. I had to go to their office and explain it to them,” Winkelman says. “Oklahoma never had a tribal college before. It’s been a big learning curve for the state.” Since then relations with state schools have improved. “Some state colleges and individual departments have extended their hand to us,” Winkelman says.
To help overcome its obscurity and financial social and institutional hurdles. Winkelman spends a lot of time using his skills in diplomacy and networking to spread the word about the school’s mission and successes hence his last trip to the nation’s capital.
“On an individual level some of Oklahoma’s congressmen still don’t know very much about the school. Frankly some see tribal colleges as a kind of social experiment,” Winkelman says. “They’re taking a wait-and-see attitude with us. They are waiting to see if we survive.”
Methods Section Study Design Research questions and hypothesis formulation Development of instrumentation Describing the independent and dependent variables Writing the data analysis plan Performing a Power Analysis to justify the sample size and writing about it Results Section Performing the Data Analysis Understanding the analysis results Reporting the results. When you enter this phase of the program you are nearing the end of the journey. Given the difficulty of this phase one often wishes they had previewed what was to come. Many Ph. D candidates seem to hit a brick wall and feel disarmed when called upon to work on the "methods" and "results" section of their dissertation. This is the point where many students diligently search for help calling on their advisor peers university assistance and even Google. This is also the time when the student asks themselves the question" HOW MUCH HELP IS TOO MUCH". Surely no one will deny that having your dissertation written for you is very wrong.
If you are a distance learning student it is almost essential you seek outside assistance for the methods and results section of your dissertation. The very nature of distance learning suggests the need for not only outside help but help from someone gifted in explaining highly technical concepts in understandable language by telephone and e-mail.
A word of caution: If you know you are going to use a statistical consultant to help with your "methods and "results" sections choose that consultant early on. The ideal time to consult with a statistician is after you have a topic and have done some preliminary literature review. Otherwise you run the risk of unnecessarily complicating your study. This could result in the consultant being unable to help you unless you are willing to start over with the problem statement purpose of the study research questions instrumentation and data analysis plan.
Distance learning and the availability of programs has increased exponentially over the last few years with some of the most respected institutions (Columbia University. Engineering; Boston University and others) offering a Ph. D in a variety of fields. If you are enrolled in a distance learning program or considering one you will be interested in reviewing the reference sites listed at the bottom of this page.
As stated above many students hit their dissertation "brick wall" when they encounter the statistics section. Frequently a student will struggle for months with that section before they seek a consultant to help them. This often leads to additional tuition costs and missed graduation dates.
Forex Groups - Tips on Trading
Related article:
http://waldenalumni.typepad.com/waldenu_alumni/2008/11/a-walden-alumnu.html
comments | Add comment | Report as Spam
|